Treatment Options for Parkinson's Disease

Current Treatment Approach

Unfortunately, there is no known cure for Parkinson's disease. Treatment focuses on symptom control and relief, primarily achieved through medication.

Types of Parkinson's Medications

There are four main groups of medications used to manage Parkinson's disease:

• Levodopa: The gold standard treatment, introduced in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
• Dopamine Agonists: These mimic dopamine to help manage symptoms.
• Inhibitors: Includes COMT inhibitors and MAO-B inhibitors, which help maintain dopamine levels.
• Anticholinergics: These work to reduce the effects of acetylcholine, balancing it against dopamine.

Medication Management and Monitoring

There is no standard approach to initiating medication, as treatment plans are highly individualised. Medications from different groups can be used in combination based on a person's specific needs and presentation.

It is crucial for patients to be reviewed every six to twelve months to assess disease progression, adjust medication as needed, and address any side effects. Potential side effects of Parkinson's medications include:

• Nausea or vomiting
• Dyskinesia (involuntary movements)
• Hypertension
• Hallucinations
• Fluctuations in mobility (wearing off and on-off syndrome)
• Dystonic spasms (affecting toes, feet, and eyelids)

Medication Forms and Timing

No two individuals with Parkinson's experience the condition in the same way, and treatment must be tailored accordingly. Medications like Madopar and Sinemet come in various forms, including:

• Ordinary: For use throughout the day.
• Controlled Release: Provides a steady dose over a longer period, often used overnight.
• Dispensable: Offers a quick release for immediate relief.

The timing and form of medication are crucial for managing symptoms and minimising side effects. Controlled release medications can aid with nighttime issues, such as difficulty rolling over in bed or frequent nocturnal trips to the toilet.

Conclusion

Effective management of Parkinson's disease requires a personalised approach, careful monitoring, and adjustments to medication to address both the condition's symptoms and any associated side effects.