Understanding Multiple Sclerosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Management

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive condition affecting the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. It is the most common neurological disorder impacting young adults. MS can be diagnosed at any age, though it typically occurs between 20 and 40 years old. Diagnosis is possible even into one's late 60s or 70s, and cases can occur in teenagers as well.

Current Understanding and Prognosis

There is currently no cure for MS, but the condition does not significantly impact life expectancy. Symptoms often fluctuate, with some damage being permanent. However, many individuals experience partial recovery after attacks, with symptoms reducing in severity over time.

Common Symptoms of MS

Balance and Coordination Issues

MS can cause problems with balance and coordination. Individuals may appear unsteady, trip over objects, or bump into things, which can be distressing and lead to falls.

Bladder Problems

Approximately 80% of people with MS experience bladder issues, including frequent urination, urgency, and stress incontinence. Continence advisors can provide specialised support for these issues.

Cognitive and Memory Challenges

MS may affect short-term memory and word-finding abilities. Utilising tools such as Post-It notes or notebooks can help manage these memory problems. It is crucial to document information immediately to aid recall later.

Planning Difficulties

Some individuals with MS struggle with planning daily tasks, such as preparing a meal on time. This can involve difficulties with shopping, organising, and cooking efficiently.

Fatigue

Fatigue in MS is a profound and overwhelming tiredness, distinct from normal fatigue. Tasks, even minor ones, can lead to intense exhaustion, requiring short rest periods before resuming activities.

Foot Drop

Foot drop can cause difficulties with walking, leading to tripping and dragging of the feet. A common sign of foot drop is noticeable wear on the front of the shoe sole.

Temperature Sensitivity

MS patients may experience sensitivity to extreme temperatures. Some individuals react adversely to heat, while others may find cold exacerbates their symptoms. Each person’s sensitivity to temperature varies.

Mobility Aids

Mobility issues vary among individuals with MS. Some may use a walking stick or crutches, while others might need a wheelchair or scooter. The level of mobility aid required can fluctuate based on daily conditions.

Pain

MS-related pain can be neuropathic, manifesting as sensations like pins and needles, burning, or tightness around the body, often referred to as the MS hug. Musculoskeletal pain, such as a frozen shoulder, can also occur secondary to mobility issues.

Speech and Swallowing Problems

Issues with speech and swallowing are less common but can occur. Swallowing difficulties may lead to coughing or choking. Referrals to speech and language therapy can provide specialised intervention and improve swallowing techniques.

Vision Problems

Vision issues in MS can include pain behind the eyes, double vision, blurred vision, or changes in colour perception. Symptoms such as a black dot obscuring vision may also occur. For persistent vision problems, consultation with a neurologist is recommended.

Seeking Professional Guidance

MS symptoms can vary widely and may sometimes be attributed to other conditions. It is essential to consult with an MS nurse or neurologist to determine whether symptoms are related to MS or another cause. Avoid assuming that every symptom is due to MS.